New High-tech Mosquito Repellants Replace DEET

UPDATE: 6 June 2011

"DEET is the go-to bug repellent, but it does have its drawbacks"

from the Chicago Tribune where I used to work as an editor and proofreader many decades ago, via the LA Times

The drawback is that DEET is a toxic neurotoxin and there are better and safer alternatives which you can learn more about here and here.

from older posts, 2010
N-acylpiperidine, the chemical heir apparent to neurotoxic DEET is coming to your bug repellent, is it safe?
DailyTech - New High-tech Mosquito Repellants Replace DEET

The chemists of the University of Florida and the U.S. department of agriculture feel your pain. They’ve just published a study that might lead to improving the lives mosquito haters everywhere. Currently, the most effective ingredient in insect repellent on the market is DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide). DEET has been the gold standard for over 50 years and it protects us from the various diseases we can contract from mosquito bites such as malaria, West Nile Virus, yellow fever, encephalitis, Lyme disease and dengue fever. DEET is the ingredient used in most insect repellents. Around one third of the American population use insect repellent according to the US Environmental Protection Agency.
Kenan Professor Alan R Katritzky of the University of Florida led the way having researchers review hundreds of chemicals, data that has been collected by the USDA for the past 50 years. After each chemical was reviewed, they were rated on effectiveness on a scale of 1 to 5. They took all the highest ratings and compared the chemicals in order to figure out what the common factor was.
N-acylpiperidines (compounds from black pepper) was the chemical that they found the most effective compounds had in common. N-acylpiperidine, according to the New York Times, is similar to the active ingredient found in pepper. They took 34 of the most effective, then weeded it down to 10, and then again to 7. These 7 chemicals were vigorously scrutinized on factors such as production cost and level of toxicity.
These researchers have found these 7 chemicals that may pave the way to a new and improved mosquito repellent. DEET on average lasts about 17.5 days after its initial application. These new chemicals haven’t been safely tested on fully exposed skin yet, but when they were tested on volunteers they discovered that they were still repelling mosquitoes up to 50 days later. A couple of the chemicals even were found to last 73 days later, about four times longer than DEET.
The tests involved the volunteers wearing gloves with holes in them and then their gloved hands were wrapped in a cloth saturated with the chemical. The volunteer’s wrapped hand would be place into box containing live mosquitoes for precisely one minute; this process was then repeated every day. Failure of the test was determined if 5 mosquitoes or more bit through the cloth.
So far so good, the research holds a lot of potential for creating superior insect repellents everywhere. DEET should enjoy its reign while it can, as it may be replaced soon.

From Natural Health News:


Mosquitoes inherit DEET resistance

May 04, 2010

Although Vincent Corbel is quick to note that the dangers of DEET when applied as recommended are lower than the dangers of mosquito-borne diseases in the tropics, his work at the Institute of Research for Development in France might ...

More on Herbs for Health: cancer, malaria

Jul 08, 2010

He next wants to test the evolution of DEET sensitivity using wild populations of mosquitoes, including those that spread malaria. "We're not saying that repellents shouldn't be used," he says. "But we have to understand how they work...

Other pest control tips

Mosquitoes inherit DEET resistance

UPDATE: 4 June - 

DEET vs. the Nervous System

Although Vincent Corbel is quick to note that the dangers of DEET when applied as recommended are lower than the dangers of mosquito-borne diseases in the tropics, his work at the Institute of Research for Development in France might lead those of us in less hostile environments to consider a natural alternative.

In a study published last August, a group of European scientists led by Corbel exposed neural cells to DEET and found that this common insect repellent ingredient can disrupt nerve cells and enzymes in insects, mice and people.

In spite of his recognition of its effectiveness in repelling mosquitos, Corbel thinks we need to look more closely at DEET. "It's funny that after 60 years, there are still many things we don't know about this compound," he says.

ORIGINAL POST -
In terms of the malaria issue I've posted on in Natural Health News, this report is not surprising at all.
Please refer to these additional resources for more information on the issue.
DEET is a neurotoxin
DEET Troubling
Safe Repellent
DEET
Malaria and Supplements
Malaria Drug Resistant
Get Something That Works

from naturenews
By Janelle Weaver

The indifference of some mosquitoes to a common insect repellent is due to an easily inherited genetic trait that can be rapidly evolved by later generations, a new study suggests.

By selective breeding, James Logan and colleagues at Rothamsted Research in Harpenden, UK, created strains of Aedes aegyptimosquitoes in which half of the females do not respond to DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) -- a powerful insect repellent. They suggest that this rapidly evolved insensitivity is due to a single dominant gene -- one that confers resistance even if the trait is inherited from only one parent.

The researchers have not identified the gene that they propose is responsible for DEET resistance, or precise details about its workings. They did, however, find a type of odour-sensing cell that responds to DEET in most mosquitoes but is less sensitive to the repellent in the resistant ones. Their findings are reported today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

"That there might actually be a gene lurking in the background in mosquitoes that causes DEET resistance is the single most surprising result," says Leslie Vosshall, who was not involved with the study and who investigates the neural and genetic basis of odour perception in mosquitoes at the Rockefeller University in New York City. "This hasn't really been reported before."

Propagating pests

Aedes aegypti is a species of mosquito that causes yellow fever, dengue fever and other viral diseases. Its blood-sucking females are not all cowed by DEET: around 13% of the laboratory populations tested by Logan's team would land on human arms covered in the repellent.

Researchers had previously found weak evidence that DEET resistance could be inherited in these mosquitoes, says John Brookfield, a coauthor of the paper and a geneticist at the University of Nottingham. But after picking out the DEET-insensitive females, the team found that in a single generation of breeding with untested males, they could create a strain where 50% of the females did not respond to DEET. That proportion remained relatively stable across subsequent generations of selective breeding.

This fast pickup and later stability suggests that a single gene, rather than an aggregation of multiple genetic traits, is key for DEET detection, Brookfield says -- at least, in the population the researchers studied. And when the nonresistant mosquitoes were later mated with the resistant population, around half of their offspring were insensitive to DEET -- suggesting that the gene is dominant. A previous study on the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, had found that a nondominant trait could lead to inherited DEET resistance.

Insensitive types

Trying to narrow down what the gene could be doing, the researchers focused on the odour-sensing cells found in antennae, which are known to detect DEET and other chemicals. Though some studies have suggested that DEET works by jamming neurons that sense human odours, others have picked out neurons which seem to specifically respond to DEET.

The team found that odour-sensing cells in general were less sensitive to DEET in resistant females compared with cells in nonresistant females. But they also spotted one type of neuron that showed distinctly lower responses to high DEET concentrations in the repellent-insensitive females. Any gene responsible for this effect might alter that cell so that it could not recognize DEET or it might mutate an odorant-binding protein that delivers DEET to a receptor, the team speculates.

Vosshall says that the study shows there is a genetic basis for sensing DEET but it doesn't resolve how the resistance works. "What remains to be shown is a causal link between the effects on the antenna and insensitivity to DEET," she says. The authors excluded from their analysis one set of neurons that were missing in insensitive mosquitoes, she points out, which could explain why they could not sense DEET.

Whatever the molecular mechanisms involved turn out to be, the study further affirms that repellents like DEET may lead to resistance over time if used to control mosquito-borne disease on a large scale, says Logan. He next wants to test the evolution of DEET sensitivity using wild populations of mosquitoes, including those that spread malaria. "We're not saying that repellents shouldn't be used," he says. "But we have to understand how they work before we can use them properly."

IN OTHER NEWS THE NEUROTOXICITY OF FLEA TREATMENTS ARE AT LAST REACHING MAINSTREAM MEDIA-

Are Flea Treatments Dangerous For Your Pets?
Many pet owners who use the treatments think they are applying medication to their pet, but they actually are treating them with potent pesticides.
April 14, 2010
Warning that the powerful poisons can endanger dogs and cats, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will require new instructions and labeling for on-spot flea products.